Gas price of US $ 6 per mmbtu can not be realized. Up to now only eight companies enjoy the facility. Another 76 companies are still buying gas at US $ 8-14 per mmbtu. In fact, Presidential Regulation No. 40 of 2016 on the Determination of Gas Prices mandated gas prices of US $ 6 per mmbtu since January 1, 2016.
The price of industrial gas in the country is much more expensive than in other countries. Japan, South Korea and China set a gas price of US $ 4-4.55 per mmbtu. While Singapore is around US $ 4-5 per mmbtu, Malaysia US $ 4.47 per mmbtu, and Vietnam US $ 7.5 per mmbtu.
Due to expensive gas prices, the domestic industry is difficult to compete with the industries of other countries. Gas prices in Indonesia are still high due to the length of the distribution chain, inadequate gas infrastructure, the high cost of logistics, and the number of traders (traders) who play.
This was revealed in an Investor Daily interview with members of the Committee of the Oil and Gas Downstream Regulatory Agency (BPH Migas) Jugi Prajogio, Head of Communications, Public Information Service and Cooperation Bureau of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Dadan Kusdiana, member of Commission VII DPR Eni Maulani Saragih, and President Director of Pertamina Hulu Energi Gunung Sardjono Hadi.
The same thing was stated by Secretary General of the Ministry of Industry Haris Munandar, Upstream Chemical Director of the Ministry of Industry Muhammad Khayam, Corporate Secretary of PT Perusahaan Gas Negara Tbk (PGN) Rachmat Hutama, and oil and gas observer who is also Executive Director of ReforMiner Institute Komaidi Notonegoro. They were contacted separately in Jakarta, Thursday (9/11).
The gas pricing of US $ 6 per mmbtu at the user industry level (end user) is in Presidential Regulation 40/2016 on Gas Pricing. Presidential Regulation 40/2016 is completed by Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 40 of 2016 on Natural Gas Prices for Certain Industries.
The regulation is aimed at stimulating the acceleration of economic growth and enhancing the competitiveness of national industries. The Presidential Regulation is a follow up of the gas price reduction plan in the Economic Policy Package III released in October 2015.
There are eight industry sectors that are entitled to buy gas at US $ 6 per mmbtu at user industry level, namely fertilizer industry, petrochemical industry, oleo chemical industry, steel industry, ceramic industry, glass industry and glove industry.
From 84 companies, which have obtained US gas price of 6 per mmbtu since the beginning of this year only eight companies. They are engaged in petrochemical industry, fertilizer and steel. The eight companies are PT Pupuk Kalimantan Timur, PT Pupuk Kujang Cikampek, PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang, PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda, PT Petrokimia Gresik, PT Krakatau Steel Tbk, PT Kaltim Parna Industri, and PT Kaltim Methanol Industri.
Discussion of the Coordinating Minister
According to the Head of Communications, Public Information Services and Cooperation Bureau of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Dadan Kusdiana, the decline in gas prices for industry is still waiting for discussion at the level of the Coordinating Ministry of Economic Affairs.
"The Ministry of Industry has sent a letter of recommendation of any industry that gets a decrease in gas prices," he said.
However Dadan can not be sure how long the discussion at the level of the Coordinating Ministry.
"Now that process is the stage. Hopefully before the end of the year is over, "he said.
He added that there are four industrial sectors that have not enjoyed the decline in gas prices, namely the ceramics industry, glass, oleo chemicals, and rubber gloves. While the three industries that have been getting the decline in gas prices since the beginning of this year are the fertilizer industry, petrochemicals, and steel.
Dadan explained that the mechanism of reducing the price of industrial gas begins with the recommendation of the Ministry of Industry to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. Then the recommendations were discussed across ministries in meetings at the Coordinating Ministry for the Economy.
The mechanism is in accordance with Presidential Instruction No. 4 of 2017. The Presidential Instruction states that ministerial regulations affecting other sectors should be coordinated through their respective Coordinating Ministries.
BPH Migas Committee member Jugi Prajogio said a number of measures are underway to reduce gas prices, including reviewing the toll fee of the transmission pipeline. For example the toll fee for Arun-Belawan is down from US $ 2.53 per mmbtu to US $ 1,545 / mmbtu.
"For Arun-Belawan gas price could drop US $ 1 / MMBTU," he said.
Jugi explained, the study was also conducted for toll fee of Gunung Magang pipeline to Singa Station and Cilegon pipeline owned by PT Majuko. Then the pipe segment is still a lot of his shipper and has many customers, for example PGN's SSWJ segment.
"BPH is involved from the beginning of planning to implementation of the work. BPH supports the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources efforts to determine the commercial margin and the return on investment (IRR) for the construction of distribution pipelines, "he said.
On the other hand, House Commission VII member Eni Maulani Saragih stated that although President Jokowi has been approved by Presidential Regulation issued last year, even with the Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources as its derivative regulation, the gas price of US $ 6 per mmbtu has not been fully realized.
"We have repeatedly held work meetings with the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources since led by Sudirman Said to Ignasius Jonan. The answer about the related gas price reduction has not been satisfactory.
"Only three industry sectors are getting price reductions. In fact, there are still many industries waiting for the President's promise, "said Eni
Up to now, there is still higher upstream gas prices than the provisions of the Presidential Regulation or the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation.
"For example, Pertamina Hulu Energi West Madura Offshore (PHE WMO) gas price could reach US $ 7.8 per mmbtu," She said.
Eni regretted that the signed Regulation was not implemented properly.
"We hope the regulation will be realized so that its effet multiplier will soon be felt. "If not implemented, why make the rules," She said.
Pertamina Hulu Energi President Director, Sardjono Hadi, said that the company is continuing to make cost efficiency on all fronts, such as procurement of goods and services that are centralized so as to obtain standard quality and higher discounts.
"The organization of SSO (share service organization) has been implemented since September 1, 2017, so that time sharing and the effect can be cost reduction," he said.
New rules
Secretary General of the Ministry of Industry Haris Munandar revealed that the implementation of the decline in gas prices for industry to the level of US $ 6 per mmbtu is still awaiting approval of the latest draft Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources. Currently the draft Ministerial Regulation is still awaiting further process at the Coordinating Ministry of Marine Affairs.
"There are still 76 companies that are still waiting for certainty of the decline in gas prices, can only be realized after the draft of the Minister's Regulation is signed," he said.
Haris explains, the problem of the high price of gas is a chain of distribution that is too long, so there must be disconnected to suppress the price.
"It is difficult for the government to cut costs in gas distribution," he said.
In fact, according to him, if the price of gas falls, the government gets reciprocal of tax revenue due to the growth of the gas user industry, in the form of value added tax (VAT), corporate income tax (PPh), or other taxes.
However, gas providers still have to reduce profit margins. For initial application, reduced cost of distribution costs can be borne by the government in advance by looking at the overall cost structure.
"So, it is clear there is something that can be obtained from the government. If the industry can increase production, then the government revenue will be bigger, "he said.
Upstream Chemical Director of the Ministry of Industry Muhammad Khayam believes that the new Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources will be more effective in lowering gas prices because this regulation reaches downstream and regulates toll fees. That way, gas prices are expected to fall US $ 0.5-1 per mmbtu. Based on data from the Ministry of Industry, this year's industrial gas demand reached 2,70,39 mmscfd.
"The determination of the toll fee is more effective because previously there was no specific limit on the cost of gas distribution. This plan has been in existence since 2015, "he said.
Moreover, usually toll fees for downstream industries are more expensive, because the position is far from gas sources. While the cost of distribution for the upstream industry is usually smaller because it is close to the gas source.
"This is one source of difficulty in lowering gas prices, moreover many user industries are downstream sectors, where gas is used as energy, not raw materials," he said.
Meanwhile, PGN Corporate Secretary Rachmat Hutama said that as a SOE, PGN will support and implement any government policies or decisions, including the policy of lowering the industry price to US $ 6 per mmbtu.
"As we know, the purpose of the decline in gas prices is the step of President Jokowi's government to improve the competitiveness of national industries," he said.
Rachmat explained that the gas price incentive is one of them for industries in Industrial Zone (KI) Medan, whose gas supply is managed by PGN. The company which floored in Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) with PGAS stock code has lowered gas price in Medan Industrial Estate.
"After discussing with all related parties, starting from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, the Ministry of Industry and Pertamina and industry players in Medan, it was decided that gas price will decrease from US $ 12.22 per mmbtu to US $ 9.95, retroactively since February 1, 2017 , "He explained.
He explained that significant gas price incentives can be given because PGN is aggregating national gas pipeline infrastructure. According to Rachmat Hutama, the cost of managing and distributing natural gas is not only done on one gas pipeline segment, but in aggregation or unified in all PGN pipelines in 12 provinces and 19 cities / districts.
"As a result, the cost of distribution and pipeline management to customers is more efficient and transparent and accountable," he said.
In its development, industrial gas price incentives have a positive impact for all parties, especially the industries that increase their production. It is illustrated in the increasing consumption of industrial gas, especially in Medan Industrial Estate.
"Overall, government-to-industry incentives also resulted in a 17% increase in PGN's natural gas distribution volume - since the incentive has been granted," he said.
Still Expensive
Oil and gas observer / Executive Director of ReforMiner Institute Komaidi Notonegoro said gas prices in other countries are cheaper because there is a component of subsidies from the government. Their government subsidizes. So the price of gas for household, industry, and electricity customers there are different, "he said.
He pointed out, in Japan, South Korea and China, the price of gas is only US $ 4-4.55 per mmbtu, in Singapore US $ 4-5, Malaysia US $ 4.47 and Vietnam US $ 7.5 per mmbtu.
"Logically, Singapore alone buys gas from Indonesia on long-term contracts, costing around US $ 8-9 per mmbtu. They have no gas source, so buy from other countries, such as Indonesia. So, there is a component of subsidies in the final consumer, "he explained.
In Indonesia, according to Komaidi Notonegoro, the price of gas from the mouth of the mine alone has reached an average of US $ 6-7 per mmbtu.
"There is indeed gas from several Pertamina fields that cost US $ 4 per mmbtu, but the amount is limited. The price was not added yet other costs such as toll fees, "said Komaidi.
Thus, it is quite hard to realize the gas price of US $ 6 per mmbtu as mandated by Presidential Regulation 40/2016.
"Unless the government acts like a Bulog for gas. But it is difficult because the government does not have the facilities, "he said.
Komaidi fears that the US $ 6 per mmbtu gas price determination is not based on a deep academic review by looking at various aspects.
"If it can not be realized, it should be revised only its Presidential Regulation," he stressed.
He added that if the government would later subsidize the industry, it would have to go through in-depth study. For example, whether the industry in practice is really economical. It should also be seen how much the portion of gas prices to the cost of production.
"Do not let the subsidy has been given, the upstream industry is also pressed so difficult to develop. In fact, its downstream not efficient. So, it will be futile also later, "he said.
Based on data from SKK Migas, at the end of 2016 gas price in East Java is around US $ 8.01-8,05 per mmbtu, western Java US $ 9,14-9,18 per mmbtu, in Sumatra region US $ 13,9- 13.94 per mmbtu. Apart from Pertamina, gas supply comes from PGN.
So far PGN is the largest gas distributor in Indonesia for the downstream sector, with a contribution of about 70%. A number of studies say, the policy of cheap gas prices should be done by involving various components, from upstream, transmission, distribution, to taxes and margins.
In the upstream, the decline can be done by reducing the share of government in the context of profit sharing with KKKS. In addition, there should be a pricing that is not solely based on the economy, but is associated with the price of oil. For the transmission side, the price reduction can be done through the optimization of open access pipes.
While on the distribution side, the decline in gas prices can be done through the optimization of distribution pipelines to be utilized by others. In terms of taxes and margins, components that can be used to reduce gas prices are to provide tax incentives for business entities, to reduce the contribution of BPH Migas to open access pipes, and through limits on gas trade margins
Due to the high price of gas, a number of industries have difficulty producing. Even 45 manufacturing factories have just been declared closed due to high gas prices. Of that number, as many as 36 are rubber glove factories, eight ceramics factories, and one sheet glass factory.
IN INDONESIA
Harga Gas US$ 6 Sulit Diwujudkan
Harga gas US$ 6 per mmbtu belum bisa diwujudkan. Hingga kini hanya delapan perusahaan yang menikmati fasilitas tersebut. Sebanyak 76 perusahaan lainnya masih membeli gas seharga US$ 8-14 per mmbtu. Padahal, Peraturan Presiden Nomor 40 Tahun 2016 tentang Penetapan Harga Gas Bumi mengamanatkan harga gas US$ 6 per mmbtu sejak 1 Januari 2016.
Harga gas industri di dalam negeri jauh lebih mahal dibanding di negara-negara lain. Jepang, Korea Selatan, dan Tiongkok menetapkan harga gas US$ 4-4,55 per mmbtu. Sedangkan Singapura berkisar US$ 4-5 per mmbtu, Malaysia US$ 4,47 per mmbtu, dan Vietnam US$ 7,5 per mmbtu.
Karena harga gas mahal, industri di dalam negeri sulit bersaing dengan industri negara-negara lain. Harga gas di Indonesia masih tinggi akibat panjangnya mata rantai distribusi, belum memadainya infrastruktur gas, mahalnya biaya logistik, serta banyaknya pedagang (trader) yang bermain.
Hal itu terungkap dalam wawancara Investor Daily dengan anggota Komite Badan Pengatur Hilir Minyak dan Gas Bumi (BPH Migas) Jugi Prajogio, Kepala Biro Komunikasi, Layanan Informasi Publik dan Kerja Sama Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (ESDM) Dadan Kusdiana, anggota Komisi VII DPR Eni Maulani Saragih, serta Presiden Direktur Pertamina Hulu Energi Gunung Sardjono Hadi.
Hal senada dikemukakan Sekretaris Jenderal Kementerian Perindustrian Haris Munandar, Direktur Kimia Hulu Kementerian Perindustrian Muhammad Khayam, Sekretaris Perusahaan PT Perusahaan Gas Negara Tbk (PGN) Rachmat Hutama, serta pengamat migas yang juga Direktur Eksekutif ReforMiner Institute Komaidi Notonegoro. Mereka dihubungi secara terpisah di Jakarta, Kamis (9/11).
Penetapan harga gas sebesar US$ 6 per mmbtu di tingkat industri pengguna (end user) ada dalam Peraturan Presiden 40/2016 tentang Penetapan Harga Gas Bumi. Peraturan Presiden 40/2016 dilengkapi Peraturan Menteri ESDM No 40 Tahun 2016 tentang Harga Gas Bumi untuk Industri Tertentu.
Regulasi itu ditujukan untuk mendorong percepatan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan peningkatan daya saing industri nasional. Peraturan Presiden itu merupakan tindak lanjut dari rencana penurunan harga gas dalam Paket Kebijakan Ekonomi III yang dirilis Oktober 2015.
Ada delapan sektor industri yang berhak membeli gas seharga US$ 6 per mmbtu di tingkat industri pengguna, yaitu industri pupuk, industri petrokimia, industri oleo kimia, industri baja, industri keramik, industri kaca, dan industri sarung tangan.
Dari 84 perusahaan, yang sudah memperoleh harga gas US 6 per mmbtu sejak awal tahun ini hanya delapan perusahaan. Mereka bergerak dibidang industri petrokimia, pupuk dan baja. Ke-8 perusahaan itu adalah PT Pupuk Kalimantan Timur, PT Pupuk Kujang Cikampek, PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang, PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda, PT Petrokimia Gresik, PT Krakatau Steel Tbk, PT Kaltim Parna Industri, dan PT Kaltim Methanol Industri.
Pembahasan Menteri Koordinator
Menurut Kepala Biro Komunikasi, Layanan Informasi Publik, dan Kerja Sama Kementerian ESDM Dadan Kusdiana, penurunan harga gas untuk industri masih menunggu pembahasan di tingkat Kementerian Koordinator Perekonomian.
“Kementerian Perindustrian sudah mengirimkan surat rekomendasi industri mana saja yang mendapatkan penurunan harga gas,” tutur dia.
Namun Dadan tidak bisa memastikan berapa lama pembahasan di level Kementerian Koordinator.
“Sekarang sudah proses itu tahapannya. Mudah-mudahan sebelum akhir tahun sudah selesai,” ujar dia.
Dia menambahkan, ada empat sektor industri yang belum menikmati penurunan harga gas, yaitu industri keramik, kaca, oleo kimia, dan sarung tangan karet. Sedangkan tiga industri yang sudah mendapatkan penurunan harga gas sejak awal tahun ini yaitu industri
pupuk, petrokimia, dan baja.
Dadan menerangkan, mekanisme penurunan harga gas industri diawali rekomendasi Kementerian Perindusterian kepada Kementerian ESDM. Kemudian rekomendasi itu dibahas lintas kementerian dalam rapat di Kementerian Koordinator Perekonomian.
Mekanisme tersebut sesuai Instruksi Presiden (Inpres) No 4 Tahun 2017. Instruksi Presiden ini menyatakan bahwa peraturan menteri yang berdampak pada sektor lain harus dikoordinasikan melalui Kementerian Koordinator masing-masing.
Anggota Komite BPH Migas Jugi Prajogio mengungkapkan, sejumlah langkah sedang dilakukan untuk menekan harga gas, di antaranya mengkaji ulang toll fee pipa transmisi. Misalnya toll fee untuk Arun-Belawan turun dari US$ 2,53 per mmbtu menjadi US$ 1,545/mmbtu.
“Untuk Arun-Belawan harga gas bisa turun US$ 1/ MMBTU,” ucap dia.
Jugi menjelaskan, kajian juga dilakukan untuk toll fee ruas pipa Gunung Magang ke Singa Station serta ruas pipa Cilegon milik PT Majuko. Kemudian ruas pipa yang masih banyak shipper-nya dan memiliki banyak pelanggan, misalnya ruas SSWJ milik PGN.
“BPH terlibat sejak awal perencanaan sampai pelaksanaan pekerjaan. BPH mendukung upaya Kementerian ESDM untuk menetapkan margin niaga dan hasil pengembalian investasi (internal rate of return/IRR) bagi pembangunan pipa distribusi,” tegas dia.
Di sisi lain, anggota Komisi VII DPR Eni Maulani Saragih mengemukakan, meski sudah ditetapkan Presiden Jokowi melalui Peraturan Presiden yang diterbitkan tahun lalu, bahkan sudah dilengkapi Peraturan Menteri ESDM sebagai Regulasi turunannya, harga gas di level US$ 6 per mmbtu belum terealisasi seluruhnya.
“Kami sudah berulang kali menggelar rapat kerja dengan Menteri ESDM sejak dipimpin oleh Sudirman Said hingga Ignasius Jonan. Jawaban tentang terkait penurunan harga gas belum memuaskan.
“Hanya tiga sektor industri yang mendapatkan penurunan harga. Padahal, masih banyak industri yang menantikan janji Presiden," kata Eni
Hingga kini, masih ada harga gas di hulu yang lebih tinggi dari ketentuan Peraturan Presiden atau Peraturan Menteri ESDM.
“Contohnya harga gas Pertamina Hulu Energi West Madura Offshore (PHE WMO), bisa sampai US$ 7,8 per mmbtu,” tutur dia.
Eni menyayangkan Regulasi yang telah ditandatangani itu tidak diimplementasikan dengan baik.
“Kami berharap peraturan tersebut segera direalisasikan agar multiplier effet-nya segera terasa. “Kalau tidak dilaksanakan, buat apa membuat peraturan,” kata dia.
Presiden Direktur Pertamina Hulu Energi Gunung Sardjono Hadi mengatakan, pihaknya terus berupaya melakukan efisiensi biaya di segala lini, misalnya pengadaan barang dan jasa yang tersentralisasi sehingga memperoleh kualitas yang standar dan potongan harga lebih besar.
“Organisasi SSO (share service organization) sudah kami terapkan sejak 1 September 2017, sehingga bisa time sharing dan efeknya bisa cost reduction,” ujar dia.
Peraturan Baru
Sekjen Kementerian Perindustrian Haris Munandar mengungkapkan, implementasi penurunan harga gas untuk industri ke level US$ 6 per mmbtu masih menunggu pengesahan draf Peraturan Menteri ESDM terbaru. Saat ini draf Peraturan Menteri tersebut masih menunggu proses lebih lanjut di Kementerian Koordinator Kemaritiman.
“Masih ada 76 perusahaan yang masih menunggu kepastian penurunan harga gas, hanya bisa direalisasikan setelah draf Peraturan Menterinya ditandatangani,” kata dia.
Haris menjelaskan, permasalahan mahalnya harga gas adalah rantai distribusi yang terlalu panjang, sehingga harus ada yang diputus untuk menekan harga.
“Memang sulit bagi pemerintah untuk memotong biaya dalam distribusi gas,” ucap dia.
Padahal, menurut dia, jika harga gas turun, pemerintah mendapatkan timbal balik dari penghasilan pajak akibat bertumbuhnya industri pengguna gas, baik berupa pajak pertambahan nilai (PPN), pajak penghasilan (PPh) badan, maupun pajak-pajak lainnya.
Meski demikian, perusahaan penyedia gas tetap harus mengurangi margin keuntungan. Untuk penerapan awal, beban biaya distribusi yang dikurangi bisa ditanggung pemerintah terlebih dahulu dengan melihat struktur beban biaya secara keseluruhan.
“Jadi, sudah jelas ada yang bisa didapatkan dari pemerintah. Kalau industri bisa meningkatkan produksi maka pendapatan pemerintah lebih besar,” kata dia.
Direktur Kimia Hulu Kementerian Perindusterian Muhammad Khayam yakin Peraturan Menteri ESDM yang baru akan lebih efektif menurunkan harga gas karena aturan ini menjangkau hingga hilir dan mengatur toll fee. Dengan begitu, harga gas diharapkan bisa turun US$ 0,5-1 per mmbtu. Berdasarkan data Kementerian Perindusterian, kebutuhan gas industri tahun ini mencapai 2.70,39 mmscfd.
“Penentuan toll fee ini lebih efektif karena sebelumnya tidak ada batasan tertentu mengenai biaya distribusi gas. Rencana ini sebenarnya sudah ada sejak 2015,” tutur dia.
Apalagi, biasanya toll fee untuk industri hilir lebih mahal, karena posisinya jauh dari sumber gas. Sedangkan biaya distribusi untuk industri hulu biasanya lebih kecil karena dekat dengan sumber gas.
“Inilah salah satu sumber kesulitan dalam menurunkan harga gas, apalagi banyak industri pengguna merupakan sektor hilir, di mana gas digunakan sebagai energi, bukan bahan baku,” papar dia.
Sementara itu, Sekretaris Perusahaan PGN Rachmat Hutama mengemukakan, sebagai BUMN, PGN akan mendukung dan menjalankan setiap kebijakan atau keputusan pemerintah, termasuk kebijakan menurunkan harga industri ke level US$ 6 per mmbtu.
“Seperti kita ketahui, tujuan penurunan harga gas tersebut merupakan langkah pemerintahan Presiden Jokowi untuk meningkatkan daya saing industri nasional,” ujar dia.
Rachmat menjelaskan, insentif harga gas tersebut salah satunya untuk industri di Kawasan Industri (KI) Medan yang pasokan gasnya dikelola PGN. Perusahaan yang melantai di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) dengan kode saham PGAS ini telah menurunkan harga gas di Kawasan Industri Medan.
“Setelah melakukan pembahasan dengan seluruh pihak terkait, mulai Kementerian ESDM, Kementerian Perindusterian, Pertamina, dan pelaku industri di Medan, diputuskan harga gas turun dari US$ 12,22 per mmbtu menjadi US$ 9,95, berlaku surut sejak per 1 Februari 2017,” papar dia.
Dia menerangkan, insentif harga gas yang cukup signifikan itu bisa diberikan karena PGN melakukan agregasi infrastruktur pipa gas bumi secara nasional. Menurut Rachmat Hutama, biaya pengelolaan dan pendistribusian gas bumi tidak hanya dilakukan pada satu ruas pipa gas bumi, tetapi di agregasi atau disatukan secara keseluruhan di semua pipa PGN di 12 provinsi dan 19 kota/kabupaten.
“Hasilnya, biaya distribusi dan pengelolaan pipa sampai ke pelanggan lebih efisien serta transparan dan akuntabel,” kata dia.
Dalam perkembangannya, insentif harga gas industri berdampak positif bagi semua pihak, terutama industri yang meningkatkan produksinya. Hal itu digambarkan pada peningkatan konsumsi gas industri, khususnya di Kawasan Industri Medan.
“Secara keseluruhan, insentif dari pemerintah ke industri ini juga membuat peningkatan volume penyaluran gas bumi PGN sebesar 17%- sejak insentif tersebut diberikan,” ujar dia.
Masih Mahal
Pengamat migas/Direktur Eksekutif ReforMiner Institute Komaidi Notonegoro mengatakan, harga gas di negara lain lebih murah karena ada komponen subsidi dari pemerintah. Pemerintah mereka memberikan subsidi. Maka harga gas untuk pelanggan rumah tangga, industri, dan kelistrikan di sana berbeda-beda,” ujar dia.
Dia mencontohkan, di Jepang, Korea Selatan, dan Tiongkok, harga gas hanya US$ 4-4,55 per mmbtu, di Singapura US$ 4-5, Malaysia US$ 4,47, dan Vietnam US$ 7,5 per mmbtu.
“Logikanya, Singapura saja membeli gas dari Indonesia dengan kontrak jangka panjang, harganya berkisar US$ 8-9 per mmbtu. Mereka tidak punya sumber gas, sehingga membeli dari negara lain, seperti Indonesia. Jadi, ada komponen subsidi di konsumen akhir,” papar dia.
Di Indonesia, menurut Komaidi Notonegoro, harga gas dari mulut tambang saja rata-rata sudah mencapai US$ 6-7 per mmbtu.
“Memang ada gas dari beberapa lapangan Pertamina yang harganya US$ 4 per mmbtu, namun jumlahnya terbatas. Harga itu pun belum ditambah biaya lain seperti toll fee,” kata Komaidi.
Dengan demikian, cukup berat untuk merealisasikan harga gas US$ 6 per mmbtu seperti diamanatkan Peraturan Presiden 40/ 2016.
“Kecuali kalau pemerintah berperan seperti Bulog untuk gas. Tapi itu sulit karena pemerintah tidak memiliki fasilitas,” ucap dia.
Komaidi khawatir penetapan harga gas US$ 6 per mmbtu tidak didasarkan pada kajian akademis yag mendalam dengan melihat berbagai aspek menyeluruh.
“Kalau memang tidak bisa direalisasikan, sebaiknya direvisi saja Peraturan Presiden-nya,” tegas dia.
Dia menambahkan, jika pemerintah kelak memberi subsidi kepada industri, itu pun harus melalui kajian mendalam. Misalnya apakah industri tersebut dalam praktiknya benar-benar sudah ekonomis. Juga harus dilihat berapa besar porsi harga gas terhadap biaya produksi.
“Jangan sampai subsidi sudah telanjur diberikan, industri hulu juga ditekan sehingga sulit berkembang. Nyatanya, di hilirnya yang tidak efisien. Jadi, akan sia-sia juga nantinya,” tutur dia.
Berdasarkan data SKK Migas, pada akhir 2016 harga gas di Jawa Timur berkisar US$ 8,01-8,05 per mmbtu, Jawa bagian barat US$ 9,14-9,18 per mmbtu, di wilayah Sumatera US$ 13,9-13,94 per mmbtu. Selain dari Pertamina, pasokan gas berasal dari PGN.
Sejauh ini PGN merupakan distributor gas terbesar di Indonesia bagi sektor hilir, dengan kontribusi sekitar 70%. Sejumlah kajian menyebutkan, kebijakan harga gas murah harus dilakukan dengan melibatkan berbagai komponen, mulai dari hulu, transmisi, distribusi, hingga pajak dan margin.
Di hulu, penurunan bisa dilakukan dengan mengurangi porsi pemerintah dalam konteks bagi hasil dengan KKKS. Selain itu, perlu ada penetapan harga yang tidak semata-mata berdasarkan keekonomian, namun dikaitkan dengan harga minyak. Untuk sisi transmisi, penurunan harga bisa dilakukan melalui optimalisasi pipa open acces.
Sedangkan pada sisi distribusi, penurunan harga gas bisa dilakukan melalui optimalisasi pipa distribusi untuk dimanfaatkan pihak lain. Dari sisi pajak dan margin, komponen yang bisa digunakan untuk menekan harga gas adalah memberikan insentif pajak bagi badan usaha, mengurangi iuran BPH Migas untuk pipa open access, serta melalui pembatasan margin niaga gas
Akibat mahalnya harga gas, sejumlah industri kesulitan berproduksi. Bahkan 45 pabrik industri manufaktur baru saja dinyatakan tutup akibat mahalnya harga gas. Dari jumlah itu, sebanyak, 36 merupakan pabrik sarung tangan karet, delapan pabrik keramik, dan satu pabrik kaca lembaran.
Investor Daily, Page-1, Friday, November 10, 2017
